While pre- and post-exercise nutrient cocktails are extremely popular among bodybuilders and other strength-power athletes, no studies have specifically examined whether this strategy provides greater muscle mass and strength gains compared to supplementation at other times during the day.
Formoterol is a beta-2 agonist used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A beta-2 agonist is a compound that stimulates beta-2 receptors, with little or no effect at the beta-1 receptors. While such products were traditionally used for the treatment of bronchial ailments, the use of beta-2 agonists (e.g., clenbuterol) in the livestock industry revealed some interesting side effects, namely increased skeletal muscle mass and a concominant decrease in body fat.
Spot reduction is simply the idea that if you work a specific muscle group you'll decrease the amount of fat in a particular area. While exercise physiologists have told us that spot reduction is nonsense, a recent study published in the American Journal of Physiology seems to suggest that sport reduction is possible after all. In this study, 10 healthy, overnight-fasted males performed one-leg knee extensions at 25 percent of maximal workload for 30 minutes. This was followed by exercise at 55 percent of maximal workload for 120 minutes with the other leg, and finally at 85 percent of maximal workload for 30 minutes with the first leg. The subjects rested for 30 minutes between exercise sessions.
The pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. In other words, when the acidity increases, the pH decreases. During high-intensity exercise, energy needs are mainly provided by anaerobic breakdown of glucose and this is associated with a fall in blood and muscle pH (i.e., exercise-induced acidosis). There's evidence that a decrease in pH produces fatigue, defined as a decrease in force production in the presence of increased perception of effort. A buffer is a compound that resists changes in pH, so "buffer loading" (e.g., sodium bicarbonate loading) may delay fatigue during high-intensity exercise
A recent study, published in the International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, examined the effects of supplementation with different proteins, namely hydrolyzed whey protein and casein (the main component of milk protein), on muscle strength and body composition during a 10-week
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