|
Page 8 of 8
Certainly, there is much to be learned in regard to the clinical use of testosterone or aromatase inhibitors for treating or preventing obesity. However, the findings of these studies suggest that bodybuilders and other anabolic steroid users may have been experiencing fat-loss benefits that have long been ignored by medical science.
References:
1. Morales A. Andropause (or symptomatic late-onset hypogonadism): facts, fiction and controversies. Aging Male, 2004;7:297-303.
2. Cohen J. Personal communication via telephone regarding Internet survey of over 2,000 adult male AAS users, 2007 April 27.
3. Kapoor D, Clarke S, et al. The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on adipocytokines and C-reactive protein in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol, 2007;156:595-602.
4. Pagatto U, Gambineri A, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy restores normal ghrelin in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003;88:4139-43.
5. Lanfranco F, Zitzmann M, et al. Serum adiponectin levels in hypogonadal males: influence of testosterone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol, 2004;60:500-7.
6. Behre HM, Simoni M, et al. Strong association between serum levels of leptin and testosterone in men. Clin Endocrinol, 1997;47:237-40.
7. Kumar A, Chaturvedi PK, et al. Hypoandrogenaemia is associated with subclinical hypothyroidism in men. Int J Androl, 2007;30:14-20.
8. Bisschop PH, Toorians AW, et al. The effects of sex-steroid administration on the pituitary-thyroid axis in transsexuals. Eur J Endocrinol, 2006;155:11-6.
9. Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, et al. Activation of the somatotropic axis by testosterone in adult men: evidence for a role of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone. Neuroendocrinology, 2003;77:380-7.
10. De Pergola G. The adipose tissue metabolism: role of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 200;24 Suppl 2:S59-63.
11. Clark AS, Henderson LP. Behavioral and physiological responses to anabolic-androgenic steroids. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2003;27:413-36.
12. Bhasin S, Parker RA, et al. Effects of testosterone supplementation on whole body and regional fat mass and distribution in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with abdominal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007;92:1049-57.
13. Snyder PJ, Peachey H, et al. Effects of testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2000;85:2670-7.
14. Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006;91:1995-2010.
15. Katznelson L, Rosenthal DI, et al. Using quantitative CT to assess adipose distribution in adult men with acquired hypogonadism. Am J Roentgenol, 1998;170:423-7.
16. Bhasin S, Calof OM, et al. Anabolic applications of testosterone and selective androgen receptor modulators for physical dysfunction associated with aging and chronic illness. Nature, 2006;2:73-80.
17. Woodhouse LJ, Gupta N, et al. Dose-dependent effects of testosterone on regional adipose tissue distribution in healthy young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004;89:718-26.
18. Wake DJ, Strand M, et al. Intra-adipose sex steroid metabolism and body fat distribution in idiopathic human obesity. Clin Endocrinol, 2007;66:440-6.
19. Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, et al. Estradiol in elderly men. Aging Male, 2002;5:98-102.
20. Brind J, Strain G, et al. Obese men have elevated plasma levels of estrone sulfate. Int J Obes, 1990;14:483-6.
21. Zumoff B. Relationship of obesity to blood estrogens. Cancer Research, 1982;42:3289s-94s.
22. Cohen PG. The hypogonadal-obesity cycle: role of aromatase in modulating the testosterone-estradiol shunt— a major factor in the genesis of morbid obesity. Med Hypotheses, 1999;52:49-51.
23. Andersen O, Pedersen SB, et al. Circulating sex hormones and gene expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue oestrogen and alpha-adrenergic receptors in HIV-lipodystrophy – implications for fat distribution. Clin Endocrinol, [Epub ahead of print] 2007 May 1. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02872.x.
24. Nielsen TL, Hagen C, et al. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in relation to circulating androgens, SHBG, and LH in young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, [Epub ahead of print] 2007 April 30. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1847.
25. Lapauw B, Goemaere S, et al. Is the effect of testosterone on body composition modulated by the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in elderly men? Eur J Endocrinol, 2007;156:395-401.
26. Maffei L, Rochira V, et al. A novel compound heterozygous mutation of the aromatase gene in an adult man: reinforced evidence on the relationship between congenital oestrogen deficiency, adiposity and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol, [Epub ahead of print] 2007 May 1. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02864.x.
27. Shozu M, Sebastian S, et al. Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene. N Engl J Med, 2003;348:1855-65.
28. Leder BZ, Rohrer JL, et al. Effects of aromatase inhibition in elderly men with low or borderline-low serum testosterone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004;89:1174-80.
|