What is the take-home message? If a person is going to use AAS illicitly, be informed of all the possible consequences (medical, psychological, ethical, social and legal) and be prepared to accept whatever outcome may arise. These powerful hormones circulate throughout the body and affect many tissues other than skeletal muscle. As rewarding as being in peak condition is, it does not merit the cost of risking later loss of function or life. Hopefully, findings such as these will continued to be researched. There is a place for testosterone replacement therapy, there is a place for cosmetic/performance enhancement using AAS, but there is not a place for extreme abuse of AAS that place users in jeopardy and sullies the reputation of responsible users.

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